How many types of bone fractures ? How many types of fractures in Physical Education II Fractures in Physical Education

 Types of Fractures

1. Stress Fractures

      Stress fractures have been variously called fatigue, march and spontaneous fractures, although stress fractures is the most commonly used term. The exact cause of stress fracture is not known, but there are large number of likely possibilities such as overload caused by muscle contraction, an altered stress distribution in the bone accompanying muscle fatigue, a change in the ground reaction force such as a going from a wood surface to a grass surface, and performing a rhythmically repetitive stress leading up to a vibrating summation point.

       Stress fractures are also know as a hair line fracture, is a fatigue induced fracture of the bone caused by repeated stress over time. Instead of resulting from a single severe impact, stress fractures are the result of accumulated trauma from respected sub maximal beading, such as jumping or running. Because of this mechanism, stress fractures are common overuse injures in athletes.

      Stress fractures can be described as a very small sliver or crack in the bone and are sometimes referred to as "Hairline fractures". Stress fractures most frequently occur in weight- bearing process such as the tibia (bone of the lower leg), metatarsal and bones of the foot. Less common fractures to the pelvis, femur and sacrum.

       Stress fracture are most commonly present as pain with weight bearing that increases with exercise or activity. The pain usually reduces and subsides with rest but sometimes may be constantly present with more serious bone injury. There is generally an area of localized tenderness on or near the bone generalized swelling to the area.

Treatment

   Rest in the only option for complete healing of stress fracture. The time taken to recover may vary depending upon the location, severity, the strength of the body's healing response and an individual's nutritional intake. Complete rest and a cast or walking boot are generally used for a poeriod of four to eight weeks, although periods of rest twelve to sixteen weeks are not uncommon for more severe stress fractures.

2. Com-minuted Fracture

     A comminuted fracture is one in which the broken ends of the bone are shattered into many pieces. Fractures can be also classified by their configuration on the bone.

    A bone injury that results in more than 2 separate bone components is known as a comminuted fracture. Some comminuted fractures have specific names such as "butterfly fragment or sentimental fractures".

     A comminuted fracture is a fracture in which the bone involved in the fracture in broken into several pieces. At least three separate pieces of bone must be present for a fracture to be classified as communuted. This type of fracture is very challenging to treat due to the complexity of the break and it can be especially complicated if the fracture is open, meaning the bone is protruding outside the skin. Open fractures are at a very high risk of infection and they take longer to heal.

     These fractures are also know as multi-frequently fractures. The fracture often involves crushing or splintering of the bone, and it can take place anywhere along the length of the bone. A comminuted fracture can also occur as the result of tremendous force such as a car accident or a severe fall.

Symptoms 

      

           The patient usually experiences a lot of pain at he side of fracture, he/she may even pass out at the time that break occurs as a result of the pain. The area around the break will also swell and it may become warm to the touch. The patient cannot bear any weight on the fracture without experiencing significant pain.

       We can diagnose this type of fracture with an X-ray to look at the site of the suspected fracture. When the fracture is X-rayed, the doctor can use the image to gather more about the orientation of the pieces of bone and location of the fracture with surgery so that the prices will have a chance to join together.

        Some of the complications of comminuted fractures can include infection, vascular necrosis, compartment syndrome, and nonunion, in which the pieces of bone fail to join together. Someone with a comminuted fracture will need to attend several follow ups, with the doctor (Orthopedic).

3. Green Stick

              A green stick fracture is a fracture in young, soft bone in which the bone bends and breaks. Despite the name fracture, during the majority of cases the bone is broken and hard a find in X-Rays. This is owing in large part to the thick fibrous peritoneum of immature bone. A person's bones become harder (Calcified) and more brittle with age and the peritoneum becomes thinner and less restrictive.

          Green stick fractures usually occur most often during infancy and childhood when bones are soft. As the name by analogy with green wood which similarly breaks on the outside when bent.

     

    Green Stick fractures are also called pediatric fractures.

   Green Stick fracture is a transverse fracture of the cortex which extends into the mid portion of the bone and becomes oriented along the longitudinal axis of the bone without disrupting the opposite cortex.

Signs And Symptoms

Some  features of a green stick fracture and similar to those of a standard long bone fracture-green stick fractures normally cause a lot of pain at the injured area. These fractures are specifically a pediatric problem, an older child will be protective of the fractured part and babies may cry in consolably. The area may be swollen and either bruised or red. Green stick fractures as a part of the bone remains intact and unbroken so this type of fracture normally causes a bend to the injured part, rather than a distinct deformity, which is problematic. 

     Activities with a high risk of falling are risk factors green stick fracture usually occurs is children and teens because their bones are flexible, and unlike adults whose bones are more brittle bones usually break.

4. Transverse Oblique

    A fracture in which the break is across a bone, at a right angle to the long axis of the bone.

    A transverse fracture may be the result of a sharp direct blow or may be a stress caused by prolonged running. The severity of the fracture depends on its location and the damage done to the bone and tissue near it. Serious fractures can have dangerous complications of not located promptly and some possible complications include damage to blood vessels or nerves and infection of the bone or surrounding tissues.

5. Oblique Fracture 

    An oblique fractures is when the break has a curved or sloped pattern. An oblique fracture is a relatively common fracture in which the bone breaks diagonally.

    Oblique fracture can vary in severity, depending on what bone oblique is affected and how large the break is. Oblique fractures tend to occur on longer bones like the femur or tibia.

Symptoms might include being unable the area or having an abnormal bend or twist in the limb. Symptoms could be slight or severe, ranging from swelling, bruising and pain to difficulty in using after an injury. X-Ray and occasionally a CT scan or MRI can diagnose a break or fracture.

   Depending on the severity of the fractures, one may need surgery to repair the broken bone. Doctors may use screws, wires, pins, or metal plates to realign the bone. After the fracture heals, these pieces may be taken out or left in permanently.

    A fracture can also cause additional damage to the surrounding nerves, tissues and organs. In some cases, fracture may effect the way bone grows later on.

6. Impacted Fracture 

    An imparted fracture is a fracture in which the bone breaks into multiple fragments which are driven into each other. This type of fracture can present some challenges when it comes to setting the fracture and waiting for it to heal. Impacted fractures are usually treated by orthopedic surgeons and a support team which includes operating room staff who keep the patient safe during the surgery used to set the bone.

     The type of fracture is usually caused by something like a fall, especially if someone breaks a fall with the arms or legs. The impact of the fall is such that only are the broken bones, but the pieces of the bone push into each other with the force of the fall. These fractures are usually very painful and also very noticeable, the fracture will not be confused with a lesser sprain.

Sign and Symptoms

               X-rays will help us to visualize fracture to determine the location and nature of the break. The X-ray of an impacted fracture will show small pieces of bone around the site of the fracture and it will show compression and compaction. To correct the fracture, it requires decompressing the fracture, making sure that all the pieces are accounted for and casting so that the bone has a chance to heal. In some cases pins, rods and other devices are used to hold the bone in place during the healing because the bone cannot support itself.

      Impacted fracture especially occurs in elderly adults hip region, when someone fails and breaks the femoral neck, it can lead to an impacted fracture. Since hip is large and critical bone, such fractures usually need to be pinned and there may be cases in which hip replacement is required because in which hip replacement is required because the bone is too badly damaged. This can be found looking at the X-rays of the fracture.

   Surgeons generally advice immediate surgery to correct an impacted fracture.